Abstract

This paper explores the potential of hydrogen as an alternative aviation fuel, focusing on its production, storage, and application in aircraft propulsion. Hydrogen offers high specific energy and zero carbon emissions, making it a strong candidate for decarbonising aviation. The paper compares production methods and evaluates storage options including liquid hydrogen, cryo-compressed hydrogen and metal hydrides. It further examines hydrogen’s use in modified gas turbines and fuel cells for electric propulsion. Key industry initiatives, along with safety and environmental considerations, are discussed together with projections for future fuel demand. In the case of hydrogen, under the most optimistic scenario, demand is projected to reach 568 Mt by 2050, whereas the demand for sustainable aviation fuel is expected to reach 445 Mt by 2050. The paper concludes that hydrogen, especially in liquid form, is a viable long-term solution for medium- and long-range aviation, assuming the development of scalable production and supporting infrastructure.