Abstract

This study proposes an optimisation framework for the optimal sizing of a hybrid renewable energy system composed of photovoltaic generation, wind power generation, and a battery energy storage system. The system is governed by an energy management system integrating the Pinch Power Analysis method, and the results are validated using the Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric Renewables software. This framework is applied to a case study in the city of Oujda in Morocco, considering a residential electricity demand coupled with charging of electric vehicles. The results indicate that improving energy reliability requires higher installed generation and storage capacities. They show that the levelized cost of energy of the system composed of photovoltaic generation and battery energy storage (0.083 EUR/kWh) is lower than that of the configuration combining wind power generation, photovoltaic generation, and battery energy storage (≈ 0.10 EUR/kWh) for a loss of power supply probability below 2%. However, the integration of wind power reveals favourable temporal complementarity with photovoltaic generation. This complementarity significantly reduces storage requirements, stabilises battery state of charge cycles, and limits the deep discharges observed in the configuration composed only of photovoltaic generation and battery energy storage. The analysis is further extended through a sensitivity assessment of the electricity demand associated with electric vehicle charging, corresponding to 737 charging sessions per year with one charging station and 484 sessions per year with two charging stations. This increase in electricity demand raises the overall load while inducing only a limited impact on economic and reliability indicators, thereby confirming the ability of the system to adapt dynamically to variations in demand. In addition, surplus electricity production is exported to the grid, improving the economic viability of the studied systems.