Abstract

Recent advances in digital technologies and optimization methodologies are revolutionizing how we monitor, allocate, and conserve vital natural assets such as water, energy, and arable land. This review presents a comprehensive perspective on the transformative role of digital innovations—including artificial intelligence (AI), geographic information systems (GIS), and blockchain—in enhancing the visibility, efficiency, and transparency of resource management systems. It also highlights the mathematical and algorithmic frameworks, such as Pinch Analysis or optimization approaches, that underpin modern techniques used to address complex resource allocation problems. The paper further discusses emerging directions to underscore the need for interdisciplinary collaboration and policy alignment. This article aims to inform stakeholders and researchers on the integrative potential of technology and optimization approaches in driving resilient, data-driven, and equitable resource management practices.